Why Waterproof Pet Clothes Start Leaking After Multiple Washes

When you first slip a tiny raincoat onto your Yorkie or Frenchie, water pearls off the fabric and your pup struts through the drizzle like a little rubber duck. A few months and a handful of laundry cycles later, that “waterproof” coat starts to darken, feel soggy, and your dog comes home damp under the jacket. It is easy to blame the product, but for most modern waterproof fabrics, what you are seeing is a normal, science-backed side effect of washing and wear.

As a pet wardrobe stylist who spends a lot of time evaluating technical fabrics in miniature, I can tell you that waterproof dog clothes obey the same rules as high-end human rain shells. The outer finish, the hidden membrane, your washing routine, and even your dog’s size all decide how long that jacket stays truly storm-ready.

Let’s walk through what is actually happening, using insights from textile research, outdoor gear labs, and care guides from technical fabric makers, and then translate it into practical, pet-friendly care you can use at home.

Meet Your Pup’s “Waterproof” Wardrobe

Before we talk about washing, we need to untangle three words that manufacturers throw around: waterproof, water-resistant, and water-repellent. They sound similar, but inside the fabric they behave very differently.

Waterproof, Water-Resistant, and Water-Repellent

Textile scientists writing about waterproof apparel explain that waterproof means blocking liquid water under pressure, while breathable means letting water vapor escape so sweat does not build up under the fabric. Industry guides from Event Fabrics and ID Custom Apparel describe waterproof breathable fabrics as engineered barriers that stop raindrops but still allow sweat vapor to diffuse away from the body.

Water-repellent is softer. A water-repellent finish lowers the surface energy of the fabric so droplets bead and roll off instead of soaking in, but under steady rain or pressure water can still work its way through. Research summaries from BeGoodTex and Fanda Fabrics describe this kind of finish as a surface treatment, not a true waterproof barrier. It is what you see when water beads on your dog’s jacket straight out of the box.

Water-resistant usually sits somewhere in the middle: tighter weaves and lightweight coatings slow down water, but the garment may not hold up to heavy rain, a dog lying on wet grass, or the pressure of being picked up with a wet coat. Outdoor fabric reviews from Minimal Gear and Fanda Fabrics point out that many “entry-level” rain garments fall into this category.

A real-world example helps. Imagine two outfits on a rainy walk: your dog in a waxed canvas-style coat that beads water at first but then gradually darkens, and you in a technical rain jacket that stays dry inside even in a downpour. The dog coat likely relies mainly on water-repellent chemistry and a dense weave. Your jacket probably uses the same water-repellent surface plus a hidden waterproof membrane. They may both be sold as “waterproof,” but technically they are not built the same way.

How Modern Waterproof Fabrics Are Built

Modern waterproof clothing is usually a sandwich. BeGoodTex and a Gore-Tex care guide both describe the structure as an outer fabric, a thin membrane, and an inner backing. The membrane, not the visible fabric, is the true waterproof and breathable heart of the garment.

For both human and pet gear, the common constructions include:

Fabric system

How it stays dry

Where it shows up

Dense weave + water-repellent finish

Very tight yarns plus a hydrophobic surface that sheds droplets

Classic high-density cottons, some light pet coats for mild showers

Coated fabric (PU or PVC on back side)

Continuous polymer coating that seals gaps in the weave

Many polyester “raincoats,” Oxford fabric jackets, dog beds and crate mats

Laminated membrane + DWR finish

Waterproof membrane bonded to fabric, plus water-repellent face

Higher-end outdoor jackets, technical workwear, some premium pet outerwear

Research summarized by ChemJournal and BeGoodTex explains that coated fabrics use polyurethane (PU) or PVC on the inside of the fabric to block water. Laminated systems use a microporous or nonporous membrane, such as PU or PTFE films, bonded between protective fabrics. Fanda Fabrics notes that Oxford fabrics often add PU or PVC coatings to create truly waterproof, very robust textiles.

All of these systems, from simple PU coatings to advanced membranes, are almost always paired with a surface treatment called DWR, or durable water repellent. Guides from Event Fabrics, Sportfits, and Gore describe DWR as a transparent outer finish that makes water bead and roll away. It is the jacket’s first line of defense, and it is exactly what washing starts to steal.

Think about your dog’s new coat the first time you run it under the faucet. Water skitters away and the fabric looks almost dry. After several wet walks and trips through the washer, the same coat darkens quickly and feels heavy. That visible change on the surface is your DWR finish aging.

Waterproof pet fabric shedding water vs. saturated fabric, showing lost water resistance.

What Washing Does To Waterproof Fabrics

From the outside it just looks like a quick spin cycle. Inside the machine, your dog’s jacket is being soaked, tumbled, flexed, and bathed in surfactants that change the fabric’s chemistry. Several independent sources, including Blister Review, Capelin Crew, Minimal Gear, Tesla’s care guide, and multiple scientific papers, all describe how washing erodes the very surface that keeps water out.

Detergents, Dirt, and the Disappearing DWR

Durable water repellents work because their molecules stick out from the fabric surface like tiny hydrophobic spikes. Event Fabrics and Alpkit’s DWR explainer note that these spikes create a high contact angle between water and fabric, so droplets sit up and roll off rather than soaking in.

Blister Review goes a step further into chemistry. Water molecules are polar; so are many of the salts and grime particles in sweat and dirt. Over time these charged contaminants build up in the DWR layer and act like bridges that help water spread out instead of beading. In their words, dirt and body oils essentially flip the finish from water-hating to water-loving in those spots.

Washing is supposed to help by removing that grime. And when you do it right, many gear experts stress that cleaning can actually improve water beading compared with leaving a jacket dirty. But ordinary detergents are designed to attack oils and lower surface tension so water can wet fabrics thoroughly. That is the exact opposite of what a DWR finish wants.

Care guides from Capelin Crew, Event Fabrics, Minimal Gear, Divebomb Industries, Gore, and others all warn that standard laundry detergents and fabric softeners strip or contaminate DWR finishes. Tesla’s washing advice for waterproof clothing specifically recommends mild, technical cleaners and warns against softeners and bleach, because softener residue forms a film that interferes with water repellency.

Laboratory work backs this up. A study available on PubMed Central about functional clothing fabrics measured water spray ratings and contact angles after 1, 5, and 10 washes. All the fabrics started with the maximum spray rating. After several washes, every material lost repellency, and some fell to near-zero spray grades, even though contact angles still technically looked “hydrophobic.” Another study on membrane laminates, summarized on Academia, compared a conventional powder detergent with a specialized sports detergent. Both washing methods degraded the hydrophobic finish; the sports detergent did not reliably preserve DWR compared with the standard product.

In practice for a small dog’s coat, this might look like washing a nylon rain jacket every week all autumn. After ten spins, that is roughly the same number of cycles used in these test methods, and it is no surprise if beading has largely disappeared by then.

Membranes, Coatings, and Clogged Pores

Even once the surface repellent fades, the hidden waterproof layer is usually still intact. But washing affects that inner technology too.

ChemJournal’s review of breathable waterproof fabrics describes two main ways membranes move moisture: microporous films with tiny holes that are big enough for vapor but too small for liquid water, and dense hydrophilic films that absorb water molecules and pass them along via a diffusion process. Event Fabrics and BeGoodTex note that these membranes are only about a few ten-thousandths of an inch thick and are protected by outer and inner fabrics.

Blister Review points out that membranes and coatings can foul over time. Oils and dirt work their way in, especially with air-permeable membranes, and clog pathways for vapor transport. While the barrier to liquid water may still work, breathability drops, so sweat from your pet has a harder time escaping. That trapped moisture can condense on the inside surface, making it feel as if water is leaking in.

Scientific studies on membrane laminates, including the one summarized on Academia, found that repeated domestic washing not only degraded DWR but also caused wet patches to appear first at folds and high-stress points. Those are exactly the places where a dog’s jacket creases under the harness, along the belly, or at the base of the tail.

Coated fabrics, such as PU-coated Oxford textiles described by Fanda Fabrics, face their own aging curve. The coating slowly breaks down with flexing, abrasion, and chemical exposure. Over many wash cycles and active walks, you can develop micro-cracks and thin spots. These are rarely catastrophic floods but show up as slow seeping in specific zones.

Picture a little terrier whose jacket belly panel is always coated in mud. You scrub that area extra hard, wash hot once or twice to “really get it clean,” and a season later that same panel is the first place you feel dampness underneath. The combination of detergent, mechanical scrubbing, and concentrated wear on the coating or membrane at that spot explains what you are seeing.

Dog diagram of waterproof pet coat leak points: shoulder friction, chest pressure, belly contact.

Wet-Out: When “Waterproof” Still Feels Soaked

Another key piece of this puzzle is something outdoor brands call wet-out. DWR specialists at Sportfits and Gore explain that wet-out happens when the outer face fabric stops beading and instead soaks up water like a sponge. The waterproof membrane underneath may still be doing its job, but the soaked outer layer gets heavy, cold, and clammy and can press against the inner surface.

Minimal Gear and Sportfits both emphasize that once the face fabric is saturated, comfort plummets. The cold, wet outer layer draws heat away from the body, and the moisture-laden fabric blocks vapor movement, so condensation builds on the inside. You feel chilled and sticky and naturally assume the jacket has sprung a leak.

Now translate that to a ten-pound dog. Their body has a much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than an adult human, so they lose heat faster. When their tiny jacket wets out, that cold fabric is resting against a much smaller, more delicate core. Even if liquid rain is not making it through the membrane, evaporative cooling and trapped condensation can leave your pup shivering and damp-furred under a “still technically waterproof” garment.

One practical way to visualize it: imagine two identical dog raincoats. One still has a healthy DWR finish, so water rolls off and the fabric barely changes color. The second has lost its DWR, so the face fabric darkens and feels waterlogged. On a twenty-minute walk in steady rain, both membranes may keep direct raindrops out, but the wet-out jacket will feel much colder and clammy, and you are more likely to find moisture beaded on the inside from condensation.

What Lab Studies Reveal About Washing and Water Repellency

Several research groups have tried to quantify just how fast water repellency falls off with washing, and their findings line up well with what pet owners see in real life.

The PubMed Central study on functional clothing fabrics tested five different hydrophobic outer materials laminated to various membranes. All of them started with the highest possible spray-test grade, meaning water bounced off cleanly. After just one wash, spray ratings dropped across the board. After ten washes, only a couple of specific nylon and polyurethane combinations retained what the authors considered acceptable repellency; other samples looked fully wetted under the spray test.

Interestingly, this study also measured the contact angle of tiny water droplets on the surface. Those angles stayed above ninety degrees, meaning the surfaces were still technically hydrophobic in a microscopic sense, even when the spray test showed water soaking across the fabric macroscopically. For a dog parent, this means that even “high-tech” fabrics can remain chemically water-hating but still look and feel soaked once their structure and finish are disturbed by washing.

The Academia-summarized paper on membrane laminates used domestic-style washing at moderate temperatures with both a standard detergent and a specialized sports detergent marketed for breathable waterproof apparel. In both cases, repeated washing reduced water-repellent performance, and the specialty detergent did not live up to claims that it would preserve or even restore DWR for several cycles.

A separate study on fluorine-free waterproof fabrics, summarized by Ripstop Fabric, focused on eco-friendly finishes now used in more and more jackets and workwear. Before washing, all eight tested fabrics showed strong water resistance. After just three washes, air-dried samples lost half or more of their original rating. When researchers tumble-dried them at household-relevant temperatures around the upper one-hundred-fifty-degree Fahrenheit range, performance recovered somewhat as the finish molecules reoriented themselves. But long term, wash frequency was decisive: after about twenty washes, roughly forty percent of samples had clear performance loss; after thirty washes, all eight had essentially lost their waterproof function.

That has a simple, sobering translation for your laundry basket. If you wash a single small dog jacket every week through a rainy season, you can easily hit ten or more wash cycles in two to three months. The lab studies suggest that unless the fabric is one of the more wash-durable nylon and polyurethane combinations, its original beading behavior may be largely gone by then, especially if you air-dry only. If you wash more gently, use appropriate detergents, and occasionally use low-heat tumble drying when the care label allows, you can stretch that lifetime. But no finish will shrug off thirty enthusiastic washes.

There is also an environmental angle. An EU-backed study on durable water-repellent clothing coatings found that aging, washing, and tumble drying of PFAS-based finishes not only reduced some fluorinated compounds but also created new PFAS species and washed many of them into wastewater. That research, along with health concerns such as links between some PFAS and liver damage or raised cholesterol, has pushed brands like Alpkit and others to move from old C8 fluorocarbon finishes to shorter-chain or completely PFC-free DWRs. The trade-off, as Alpkit notes, is that these environmentally kinder finishes tend to be less durable and more sensitive to dirt, so garments need more frequent cleaning, gentle heat reactivation, and reproofing.

In other words, if you choose planet-friendlier waterproof pet gear, you are making a good ethical choice, but you may need to baby those little coats a bit more in the washer and dryer.

Why Small Dogs Seem To Lose Waterproofing Faster

Most textile studies are done on human-sized jackets, but in the fitting room it is obvious that toy and small breeds expose their clothes to harsher real-world conditions.

Short legs and low bellies mean more splashes from puddles and road spray. A Corgi or Dachshund’s coat belly panel spends a lot of time brushing wet grass and mud. That belly area becomes the dirtiest zone, so owners naturally scrub and wash it more vigorously. Over time that concentrates detergent, abrasion, and mechanical flex exactly where coatings and DWR are already under stress.

Minimal Gear’s overview of waterproof performance notes that localized pressure, such as kneeling or sitting, can easily create water pressures more than ten pounds per square inch at fabric contact points, far higher than what gentle, vertical rain produces. Think of a small dog hopping into your lap on a wet park bench or lying down on a damp sidewalk in their jacket. Their weight is focused over a few square inches at the shoulders, chest, or hips, pushing water-laden fabric hard against the membrane and any small weaknesses in seam construction.

Harnesses add another complication. Straps running over the shoulders and chest rub the same zones on each walk, wearing down DWR and, over time, stressing seam taping underneath. Capelin Crew and Alpkit both underline that high-friction areas, like pack-strap contact zones on human jackets, are the first places to lose beading and often the first to “feel” leaky in use. On a small dog coat, the harness strap region and the underside of the chest panel play the same role.

Finally, tiny garments are proportionally more likely to be tossed into a mixed wash with full-strength detergent intended for cotton towels or human jeans. Even if you use gentle temperatures, that chemistry and the crowded drum environment are not kind to technical finishes. A toy poodle’s raincoat in a full, heavy load is a little like a high-end hiking shell thrown into a hot cycle with work pants: it will come out clean, but its waterproof lifespan will be shorter.

Gentle Wash Routine for Tiny Waterproof Coats

The good news is that you can dramatically slow down the “leaking after washing” problem with a few simple habits drawn from outdoor gear care guides and washing research.

Most gear experts, including Blister Review, Capelin Crew, Minimal Gear, Tesla, and Divebomb Industries, agree on the basics. First, avoid washing more than you have to. If your dog’s jacket is only slightly dusty, spot clean muddy zones with a damp cloth and a tiny amount of mild soap rather than running a full machine cycle. This mirrors advice from Fanda Fabrics and waterproof jacket care articles that emphasize spot cleaning collars, cuffs, and high-contact areas.

When you do need a full wash, treat that tiny coat like premium technical outerwear. Close all Velcro and zippers so they do not abrade the face fabric. Use a gentle cycle with cool or lukewarm water; Tesla recommends roughly the upper eighties to low one-hundreds Fahrenheit for most waterproof clothing, and outdoor brands also favor lower temperatures to protect coatings and seam sealing.

The detergent choice matters enormously. Technical fabric guides from Event Fabrics, Minimal Gear, Alpkit, and Tesla all encourage using a cleaner specifically designed for waterproof or breathable apparel or, at minimum, a very mild liquid soap without optical brighteners, enzymes, or softeners. Standard detergents leave surfactant residues that, as the laboratory studies suggest, degrade DWR and alter surface energy in the wrong direction. Fabric softeners are particularly problematic; they deposit a film that smooths fibers and makes them feel nice to the touch but smothers water-repellent spikes.

Rinsing deserves extra attention. Tesla’s care advice suggests adding an extra rinse cycle to flush out detergent residues, and Blister Review notes that any leftover charged particles in the DWR layer make it easier for water to wet the surface. Especially for small dog garments, where a bit of detergent left in a tiny sleeve or belly strap is a higher proportion of the fabric mass, that extra rinse is well worth the few extra minutes.

Drying is the next big fork in the road. The study on fluorine-free waterproof finishes, summarized by Ripstop Fabric, found that air-dried samples lost much more repellency after washing than those tumble-dried at moderate household temperatures, and that performance improved as drying temperature rose up to about the upper one-hundred-fifty-degree Fahrenheit range. The researchers explain that heat helps the finish molecules reorganize so their hydrophobic parts point outward again.

At the same time, brands like Tesla, Gore, and Alpkit stress that you must follow the care label. Some shells and coated fabrics can handle a short, low-heat tumble dry, which also reactivates fluorocarbon or PFC-free DWR. Others should only be air-dried, away from direct sunlight, to protect coatings and adhesives. A pet-safe compromise in many cases is to air dry until just damp, then use a brief, low-heat tumble if and only if the label allows it. That way the fabric experiences minimal mechanical stress but still benefits from a little heat-induced reorientation.

Imagine a Sunday evening routine with your dog’s favorite raincoat. You shake off dried mud, close the closures, wash it alone in cool water with a capful of technical cleaner, add an extra rinse, then hang it to drip in the bathtub. If the label allows, you give it a fifteen- or twenty-minute spin on low heat once it is mostly dry, then hang it in a cool, airy closet. That gentle sequence mirrors best practices from multiple outdoor gear sources and will keep your pup’s jacket beading like new far longer than casual washing in a hot, mixed load.

Reproofing a Leaky Pet Jacket

Even with perfect care, DWR finishes wear off. The nice thing is that on many fabrics, you can reproof the outer surface and get back most of that original beading behavior.

Event Fabrics, Sportfits, Gore, Divebomb Industries, and Alpkit all outline similar reproofing steps. First comes cleaning, because re-applying repellency over dirt just seals in the problem. Once the garment is clean and thoroughly rinsed, you test it under the faucet or with a spray bottle. If water still beads well after gentle heat, the original DWR is probably fine. If the face fabric darkens and absorbs, it is time to re-treat.

For small dog clothing, spray-on products are usually best. Multiple sources, including Sportfits, Event Fabrics, Gore, Divebomb, and Alpkit, note that wash-in treatments coat both outer and inner surfaces, which can gum up linings and reduce breathability. Spray-on reproofers let you target the fabric side only and can be focused on high-wear zones such as shoulders, back, and belly panels.

The process is simple but benefits from patience. Lay the clean jacket flat, lightly mist one section at a time, and gently smooth the product into the fabric with a gloved hand or soft cloth so you do not leave heavy droplets. Follow the instructions regarding drying and heat activation. Many modern PFC-free treatments, as Alpkit points out, need a little low heat to set properly, similar to the fluorine-free finishes in the Ripstop Fabric study.

One thing the scientific literature cautions against is over-believing “miracle” detergents that claim to both wash and renew DWR repeatedly. The PubMed Central and Academia-summarized papers on hydrophobic finishes show that specialized detergents marketed for waterproof sportswear did not prevent the decline in water repellency over several wash cycles. They sometimes helped slightly, sometimes not at all, and in some conditions even coincided with larger losses.

In the pet wardrobe world, this means it is safer to treat washing and reproofing as separate steps. Clean gently with a proven technical detergent, then reproof when simple water-splash testing shows that droplets no longer stand up and run off.

A practical example: your Shih Tzu’s nylon coat has seen two winters. It no longer beads water, and the back darkens as soon as you step into the rain. You give it a careful wash and low-heat dry; the beading does not return. You then apply a spray-on PFC-free DWR to the outer shell, let it dry, and give it a short, gentle tumble as allowed. Next walk, the coat beads again; your dog comes home dry under the jacket and you have extended its useful life rather than throwing it away.

Smarter Shopping: Choosing Wash-Resilient Waterproof Pet Gear

If you are shopping for new waterproof outfits for a small breed, a bit of fabric literacy can help you choose pieces that will survive both real weather and real washing.

BeGoodTex and ChemJournal categorize waterproof breathable fabrics into dense weaves, resin-coated materials, and film-laminated systems. Fanda Fabrics explains that PU-coated polyester and nylon Oxford fabrics can be made very waterproof and abrasion resistant, especially when combined with DWR, but that their coatings slowly degrade, particularly if overwashed or flexed aggressively. Event Fabrics and Minimal Gear note that laminated membrane systems tend to be more breathable and, in many cases, more durable over many wet and dry cycles than simple coatings, though they are more expensive.

The PubMed Central washing study found that some polyamide and polyurethane combinations (often labeled as nylon with PU on hang tags) retained acceptable water repellency even after ten washes when tested under certain conditions, while a PFC-free polyamide/polyester blend lost repellency much faster. That does not mean every nylon-PU dog jacket will last forever; construction quality, seam sealing, and the specific DWR chemistry matter too. But it suggests that, all else equal, a well-made nylon shell with a robust hydrophobic finish may handle a season of careful washing better than a very light, uncoated polyester marketed only as “water-resistant.”

At the same time, environmental research from the European Commission and brand-level analyses from Alpkit remind us that older C8 fluorocarbon finishes, which delivered extremely durable repellency, come with “forever chemical” concerns. Newer, shorter-chain fluorocarbons and completely PFC-free finishes are far friendlier to ecosystems and health but often wear out faster and are more easily blocked by dirt and oils. Event Fabrics and DWR-focused articles highlight that regular cleaning and timely reproofing become more important with these modern finishes.

When reading product descriptions for pet clothes, pay attention to clues. A jacket described simply as “water-resistant polyester” with no mention of coatings, membranes, or seam sealing is likely relying mainly on DWR and fabric density. It may be fine for quick walks in light drizzle but more sensitive to repeated washing. A coat that mentions laminated waterproof-breathable fabric, taped seams, and a PU or TPU membrane is using the same technology as serious outdoor gear and may justify a bit more investment.

Ask yourself how often you really need to wash it. For a city chihuahua who mostly strolls on paved sidewalks, a lighter, eco-finished water-repellent shell may be perfect if you are willing to spot clean and reproof. For a farm-dwelling Corgi who blasts through mud and fields, a stout PU-coated or membrane-laminated jacket with a tough outer fabric and strong seam construction will stand up better to the frequent laundering their lifestyle demands.

A Few Quick Questions, Answered

Is my dog’s waterproof coat ruined once it starts leaking?

Not necessarily. Science-backed care guides from Gore, Event Fabrics, and others stress that loss of surface beading is often about DWR wear and dirt, not catastrophic membrane failure. A thorough cleaning with the right detergent, careful rinsing, gentle heat to reactivate existing DWR, and, if needed, a proper reproofing treatment can restore comfort and apparent waterproofing in many garments. True structural failure of the membrane or inner coating tends to show up as sudden, obvious seepage in specific spots even when the outer fabric still looks relatively dry.

Should I avoid washing my dog’s waterproof clothes as much as possible?

Avoiding all washing is not the answer. Blister Review, Capelin Crew, and Minimal Gear all emphasize that dirt and body oils clog pores, accelerate wear, and actually make DWR fail faster. The studies summarized on PubMed Central and Academia show that washing damages DWR gradually, but a very dirty garment may perform worse than a clean, gently washed one. The sweet spot is to spot clean often, reserve machine washing for when the coat is genuinely dirty or smelly, use a mild technical detergent, and follow with good rinsing and appropriate drying.

Is PFC-free waterproofing safe and durable enough for my pet?

Environmental reports from the European Commission and brand statements from Alpkit underline that PFC-free or shorter-chain fluorocarbon finishes are significantly better for long-term health and ecosystems than older C8 chemistry, which is linked to issues like liver damage and raised cholesterol in humans. The trade-off, as the Ripstop Fabric study on fluorine-free finishes shows, is reduced wash durability and a stronger dependence on correct drying and reproofing. For a beloved pet who may lick their coat or snuggle tightly against you, choosing PFC-free DWR and then committing to gentle care and more frequent reproofing is a very reasonable balance.

In the end, “why did this waterproof coat start leaking after washing?” is almost never a mystery flaw in your pup’s wardrobe. It is the predictable result of chemistry, water, heat, and friction slowly rearranging the fabric’s defenses.

Treat those tiny raincoats like the technical gear they are: wash thoughtfully, rinse well, use a bit of kind heat, and refresh the water-repellent armor when it fades. Your small dog will stay cozier, drier, and far more stylish on every rainy-day adventure—and you will squeeze many more seasons of snuggly service out of each carefully chosen piece.

References

  1. https://www.academia.edu/53744180/An_Effect_of_Washing_on_Durability_of_Hydrophobic_Finishes_of_Membrane_Laminates
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9181528/
  3. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/38/jresv38n1p103_A1b.pdf
  4. https://ahc.leeds.ac.uk/design/news/article/1179/research-reveals-impact-of-waterproof-clothing-on-the-environment
  5. https://chemjournal.researchfloor.org/breathability-an-important-feature-for-waterproof-apparel/
  6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321201247_An_Effect_of_Washing_on_Durability_of_Hydrophobic_Finishes_of_Membrane_Laminates
  7. https://begoodtex.com/function-classification-of-waterproof-fabrics-and-the-difference-with-waterproof-membrane-and-their-characteristics/?srsltid=AfmBOopdpPOWVqNR00kc1ktKulgDa5BpvAfB6fl8DPFjFvUmHnNDecE2
  8. https://blisterreview.com/gear-101/how-to-care-for-your-waterproof-outerwear-down-jackets
  9. https://smart.dhgate.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-waterproofing-cloth-proven-methods-for-lasting-protection/
  10. https://en.droproof.com/column/gore-tex-care-understanding-waterproof-breathable-fabrics-and-their-maintenance?hsLang=en